Thus, they are at the base of Maslow's pyramid, laying the foundation for physical and emotional health. ![]() Physiological and safety needs provide the basis for the implementation of nursing care and nursing interventions. Basic physiological needs/goals must be met before higher needs/goals can be achieved such as self-esteem and self-actualization. In 1943, Abraham Maslow developed a hierarchy based on basic fundamental needs innate to all individuals. A nursing diagnosis, according to NANDA, is defined as a clinical judgment about responses to actual or potential health problems on the part of the patient, family, or community.Ī nursing diagnosis encompasses Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs and helps to prioritize and plan care based on patient-centered outcomes. The North American Nursing Diagnosis Association (NANDA) provides nurses with an up-to-date list of nursing diagnoses. The formulation of a nursing diagnosis by employing clinical judgment assists in the planning and implementation of patient care. Electronic health records may populate data and assist in assessment.Ĭritical thinking skills are essential to assessment, thus the need for concept-based curriculum changes. Friends can play a role in data collection. Objective data is measurable, tangible data such as vital signs, intake and output, and height and weight.ĭata may come from the patient directly or from primary caregivers who may or may not be direct relation family members. Subjective data involves verbal statements from the patient or caregiver. These are assessment, diagnosis, planning, implementation, and evaluation.Īssessment is the first step and involves critical thinking skills and data collection subjective and objective. The decision about withholding or withdrawing artificial nutrition and hydration from the terminally ill Muslim patient is made with informed consent, considering the clinical context of minimizing harm to the patient, with input from the patient, family members, health care providers, and religious scholars.The nursing process functions as a systematic guide to client-centered care with 5 sequential steps. Nutritional support is considered basic care and not medical treatment, and there is an obligation to provide nutrition and hydration for the dying person unless it shortens life, causes more harm than benefit, or is contrary to an advance directive that is consistent with Islamic law. The hastening of death by the withdrawal of food and drink is forbidden, but Islamic law permits the withdrawal of futile, death-delaying treatment, including life support. From the perspective of Islam, rules governing the care of terminally ill patients are derived from the principle that injury and harm should be prevented or avoided. ![]() They can also harm the terminally ill patient because of complications such as aspiration pneumonia, dyspnea, nausea, diarrhea, and hypervolemia. Artificial nutrition and hydration may be futile and reduce quality of life. The literature provides little information about the Islamic beliefs, attitudes, and laws related to these challenges. Withholding and withdrawing artificial nutrition and hydration from terminally ill patients poses many ethical challenges.
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